Chemical Components of a Cleaning Solution

Cleaning Solution is the combination of various chemicals used to clean a surface. These solutions are made up of surfactants, chelating agents and solvents.

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Mild alkali

Alkaline cleaners help keep soil particles suspended in the solution and prevent “clumping”. They also produce a negative charge on surfaces, which repels particulates and helps to reduce re-deposition of soil. They also help convert insoluble fatty acids to soluble salts and increase protein solubility.

The aqueous ready-to-use liquid mild alkaline cleaning composition and concentrated aqueous mild alkaline cleaning composition can be used in an automated washing process to clean metal surfaces, particularly medical, surgical and dental instruments, including endoscopes. The compositions are suitable for treating any metal surface contaminated with body fluids such as blood, lipids, contrast agent and synovial fluids.

The aqueous ready-to-use mild alkaline cleaning solution of examples El to E7 was evaluated for its ability to cause foam formation using a Foam Formation Test (ASTM Method D4052). A sample of the aqueous liquid cleaning composition was dispensed into a long-necked glass cylinder filled with deionized water and the resulting foam depth was measured in ml. The aqueous ready-to-use mixture of examples VI to V14 was also tested and found to cause no foam formation.

Ammonia

Ammonia occurs naturally in the environment and is an important source of nitrogen for plants and bacteria. It is shipped as a gas and used in refrigeration, applied directly to soil on farm fields and in cleaning products for commercial and household applications.

Household ammonia, sold as ammonium hydroxide, cleans tubs and sinks; removes hard water stains from glass, tile and wall surfaces; and breaks down grime and grease. Ammonia is also an ingredient in window cleaners that won’t streak and is used in floor polishes.

Full-strength ammonia can irritate nose, throat and eyes when inhaled. Exposure to high concentrations can cause bronchiolar and alveolar edema, which may lead to respiratory distress or failure. It is corrosive and can damage clothing, skin and eyes. To avoid inhaling ammonia, use only at or below the manufacturer’s recommended concentrations and wear protective clothing and eyewear.

Cationic surfactants

Cationic surfactants have a positive charge on their hydrophilic (water-loving) head groups. They are used in a wide range of industrial and personal care applications, including fabric softeners, hair conditioners, antistatic agents, and disinfectants. They are also known for their antimicrobial properties and ability to disrupt the cell membranes of bacteria and other microorganisms.

The polar group of cationic surfactants is usually a quaternary ammonium group. The non-polar portion consists of various alkyl rests. Some cationic surfactants are low in irritation potential, making them suitable for use in cosmetic products such as shampoos and body washes. They can also be effective defoamers.

When choosing a supplier of cationic surfactants, be sure to find one with a good reputation. Ask colleagues or other businesses in your industry for recommendations, and look for suppliers with the certifications you need. For example, if you’re using a liquid detergent for your cleaning solution, look for a supplier that offers ISO or GMP certifications.

Chelators

Chelators, substances that bind metal ions, play an important role in cleaning solutions. They distract metal ions from acting on surfactants and allow them to concentrate their action on the soils that need to be removed.

Builders bind to cations and cause them to precipitate out of solution or they sequester the cations, holding them in solution and making them unavailable to interact with the surfactants. This allows the surfactants to focus on the organic and inorganic soils that need to be cleaned.

The selection of the appropriate chelator depends on formulation requirements. It is important that the selected chelator is biodegradable and not associated with any harm to human health (e.g., EDTA) or to the environment (e.g., phosphates) at the concentrations used in cleaning products.

A chemist can also consider using a natural chelating agent such as citric acid, which is not only safe to use but also readily biodegrades. It can also be used in combination with other cleaning agents to prevent the build-up of hard water deposits.